Personal Protective Equipment Associated Symptoms amongst Frontline Health Care Workers in COVID-19 Pandemic � A Cross Sectional Study

Context : During COVID-19 Pandemic, frontline Health Care Worker (HCW) in hospitals were mandated to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), while caring for suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients, which involved the donning of close-fitting N95 Face Masks, Protective Eyewear, Gowns, Surgical Gloves and the use of Powered AirPurifying Respirators (PAPR). Aims : This study is to know the challenges faced during use of PPE among frontline HCW. Methods and Material : This is a cross-sectional study among HCW at our Tertiary Institution who were working in high-risk hospital areas during COVID-19. All respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire Statistical analysis used : Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Baseline characteristics were described using frequency and percentages. Association between predictors of PPE associated symptoms were assessed using Chi-square test with p-value of <0.05 considered as significant. Results : Total of 190 Health Care Workers participated in the study. Doctors- contributed most [143/189 (75.2%)]. Majority of the respondents reported usage of Masks, Eyewear, Shield and Gown [126/189 (66.7%)], in which most of them donned N-95 mask [152/189(80.5%)], and Goggles [110/189 (58.2%)] average for 6.32 (2.40) hours a day and 18.15(8.65) days in a month. 83 respondents reported a new onset headache associated with usage of PPE. Majority of the respondents localized Headaches as frontal (69.9%) which was statistically significant. Other symptoms were Tiredness (73.5%), Excess Sweating (45.4%) and Giddiness (20.6%). Conclusions : Prevalence and characteristics of PPE- associated symptoms in HCW working in high-risk areas in Tertiary Care Centers necessitates better measures and strategies for designing PPE and reducing the exposure time in HCW and also the impact on their work performance

Latent tuberculosis infection status and its risk factors among tuberculosis-related health-care workers in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo obtain the status of latent tuberculosis infection （LTBI） among tuberculosis （TB）-related health-care workers （HCWs） in Shanghai， and to explore the risk factors related to TB infection. MethodsA multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting medical workers from multiple designated TB hospitals， centers for disease control and prevention， and community health service centers in Shanghai. Each subject was required to complete a questionnaire and to provide a blood sample for TB infection test. Univariate and multivariate analysis ware made in order to find risk factors relating to TB infection. ResultsA total of 165 medical workers were recruited， and the proportion of TB infection was 16.36% （95%CI： 11.49%‒22.76%）. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that clinical doctors and nurses （adjusted OR=9.756， 95%CI： 1.790‒53.188）， laboratory staffs （adjusted OR=78.975， 95%CI： 8.749‒712.918）， and nursing and cleaning workers （adjusted OR=89.920， 95%CI： 3.111‒2 598.930） had higher risk of TB infection. ConclusionThe overall LTBI prevalence among TB-related HCWs is low. However， working as doctors， nurses， laboratory staffs， nursing workers and cleaning workers are risk factors of TB infection. TB-related HCWs who work at hospitals are at risk of TB infection comparing to medical staffs who work outside hospitals.

Occupational stress and its influencing factors of primary health care workers during COVID-19 / 环境与职业医学

Background Since the outbreak of COVID-19, primary health care workers have been facing unprecedented work pressure, and their occupational stress should be taken seriously. Objective To analyze the occupational stress situation and its influencing factors of primary health care workers in Guangdong Province, and to propose targeted interventions. Methods Using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method, each prefecture-level city in Guangdong Province was classified into "good", "medium", or "poor" category based on its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 released by the Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Statistics. In September 2021, four primary health care institutions were randomly selected from each stratum, and a total of 1327 staff members were selected for the study. The Core Occupational Stress Scale (COSS) and a basic information questionnaire designed by the authors were used. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the means between two groups, and Kruskal-Walis H test was used to compare the means among multiple groups. The comparison of categorical data was performed by trend χ2 test or Pearson χ2 test; the analysis of factors influencing occupational stress was performed by dichotomous multiple logistic regression analysis. Results There were 365 health care workers reporting occupational stress in this survey, and the positive rate of occupational stress was 27.5%. The total occupational stress score in M (P25, P75) and the scores of social support, organization and reward, demand and effort, and control were 45.0 (40.0, 50.0), 20.0 (17.0, 21.0), 14.0 (12.0, 17.0), 12.0 (10.0, 15.0), and 5.0 (4.0, 6.0), respectively. The results of dichotomous multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high education, low income, doctor positions, long working hours in a day, and shift work were associated with the occurrence of reporting occupational stress (P<0.05). Conclusion Education, average monthly income, job category, daily working hours, and shifts are factors influencing the occurrence of reporting occupational stress in primary health care workers; targeted interventions should be implemented to reduce their occupational stress levels.

Infection Prevention and Control Practices During COVID 19 Pandemic and Itscorrelation with Psychosocial Health among Health Care Workers

Background: In COIVD 19 pandemic there were reports which have stated that 70% of HCWs are under psychosocial distress [12] that抯 why it becomes more important to find out to what extent psychosocial distress has affected the knowledge of ICP and its quality of measures. Objectives: To findan association between the psychosocial condition of health workersand ICP measured followed. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted among the health workers who worked for COVID 19 through a self-reporting questionnaire with a google form from September 2020 to October 2020. Demographical, ICP measure and psychosocial data were collected from 42 HCWswho have worked in COVID 19 for more than 30 days. Analysis was done by PSPP, Epi info, R and excel. Results: ICPM scale (ICP Measure Followed by HCW) which was the dependent variable and independent variables were T & E (Training and Education), SSRS (Social Support Rate Scale), SRAS (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale), SRDS (Self-Rating Depression Scale), GSES (General Self-Efficacy Scale ), SASR (Stanford Acute Stress Reaction), PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), Age, Duty hours per day, Hours in PPE per day and violence. By SEM (Structural equation model) association was found between the SSRS score effect on ICPM score (? = 0.38, P = 0.000), Hour in PPE score effect on ICPM score (? = 0.21, P = 0.023), violence effect on ICPM score (? = 0.32, P = 0.001) and SRDS score negatively affect on ICPM score (? = - 0.17, P = 0.059) with Adjusted R Square of 0.6 at P=0.000, RMSEA 0.000, SRMR 0.002, GFI 1.00, AGFI 1.00, NFI 1.00, NNFI 1.00, CFI 1.00, ECVI 0.571. Conclusions: A significant association was found between ICP measures followed by HCWs and training education given to them, social support, hours spent in PPE, violence. Even a significant association was seen between violence and sleep quality, the anxiety of HCWs.

Wuhan's experience in fighting against COVID-19:How to prevent COVID-19 infection among health care workers / 中国感染控制杂志

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)pandemic,thousands of health care wor- kers (HCWs)worldwide infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),some even have lost their lives.At the early stage of the epidemic,some Chinese HCWs were infected.Owing to limited knowledge of characteristics of SARS-CoV-2,more than 3,000 HCWs in Hubei Province contracted SARS-CoV-2 at the early stage of the outbreak.Due to overloaded work of HCWs in local hospitals,more than 42,000 HCWs (including HCWs from the military)were dispatched to Hubei Province from all over the country.At the peak of epidemic,one in 10 intensive care HCWs in China were working in Wuhan.During fighting against COVID-19 in China,although a certain number of HCWs were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at the early stages of the epidemic, effective prevention was achieved through timely adoption of prevention measures,including fast diagnosis,timely isolation of patients,strengthening of HCWs'safety,intensified training on basic protective knowledge and unified management of HCWs,there was no report about infection among the 42,632 members of the national medical teams sent to Hubei,and the number of COVID-19 cases among HCWs in local hospitals also significantly de- creased,thereby indicating that healthcare-associated infection (HAI)of COVID-19 among HCWs are fully pre- ventable.This paper explores how to prevent HCWs from contracting SARS-CoV-2 through effective measures during the epidemic in Wuhan,China.

COVID-19 in hematology: data from a hematologic and transplant unit

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, special attention has been addressed in cancer care to mitigate the impact on the patient's prognosis. We addressed our preparation to face COVID-19 pandemic in a Hematological and Stem Cell Transplant Unit in Brazil during the first two months of COVID-19 pandemic and described COVID-19 cases in patients and health care workers (HCW). Modifications in daily routines included a separation of area and professionals, SARS-CoV-2 screening protocols, and others. A total of 47 patients and 54 HCW were tested for COVID-19, by PCR-SARS-CoV-2. We report 11 cases of COVID-19 in hematological patients (including 2 post stem cell transplant) and 28 cases in HCW. Hematological cases were most severe or moderate and presented with several poor risk factors. Among HCW, COVID-19 were mostly mild, and all recovered without hospitalization. A cluster was observed among HCW. Despite a decrease in the number of procedures, the Transplant Program performed 8 autologous and 4 allogeneic SCT during the period, and 49 onco-hematological patients were admitted to continuing their treatments. Although we observed a high frequency of COVID-19 among patients and HCW, showing that SARS-CoV-2 is disseminated in Brazil, hematological patients were safely treated during pandemic times.

Microorganisms isolated from mobile phones and hands of health-care workers in a tertiary care hospital of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

The mobile phones have become an inevitable part of life for communication everywhere. Hospital-acquired infections are causing increased morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients. After getting approval from the institutional review board, a total of 300 samples from mobile phones and dominant hands of resident doctors, nurses, and support staff working in neonatal intensive care unit, pediatric intensive care unit, intensive care unit, and emergency ward were tested according to standard guidelines for culture. Of 300 samples tested, 144 (96%) mobile phones and 145 (96.66%) dominant hands showed contamination with one or more types of microorganisms. Monomicrobial organisms were recovered from 247 samples and polymicrobial organisms were isolated from 42 samples. Mobile phones and hands of helath care workers serve as a potential reservoir for hospital acquired infections as multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria as well as normal flora of skin were recovered.

Application situation, existing problems, and improvement ideas of sharps containers / 中国感染控制杂志

Sharp injury is a common occupational injury occurs in hospital, it is also an important way for health care workers to be infected with blood-borne pathogens, standardized use of sharps containers can effectively prevent the occurrence of sharp injury.Sharps containers are widely used in China, but the specifications are limited and the products are single, there is still room for improving safety performance.In view of the problems existing in clinical use, Chinese scholars have made a lot of improvements on sharps containers.The author suggests that relevant units should consider the design concept of clinic to develop and popularize more reasonable safe sharps containers for clinical application, and take other comprehensive behavioral control measures, so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of sharp injury.

Benefits and related problems of influenza immunization for health care workers / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza and severe outcoming caused by influenza viruses.Health care workers(HCW) are exposed to patients with influenza and they are at high risk of occupationally acquired influenza and of causing nosocomial infection among patients,increasing the incidence rate,the risk of severe and death of patients.Improving the influenza immunization in HCW can not only reduce the prevalence of themselves and keep a weel-oiled of health care facilities during the influenza seasons,but also reduce the risk of severe and death among patients and increase the influenza vaccine uptake in whole population.At present,the influenza immunization coverage of HCW is low.The obstacles and myths of influenza vaccine are barriers for vaccine uptake among HCW.The various strategies are critical in order to improve the influenza coverage rates of HCW.

Inovação em serviços de saúde a partir do Teste Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®) associado à análise de redes sociais (ARS) / Innovation in health services from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Test (MBTI®) associated with the social network analysis (SNA) / Innovación en los servicios de salud a partir del Test Myers-Briggs Type Indicador (MBTI®) asociado al análisis de redes sociales (ARS)

A inovação figura como aspecto relevante para organizações uma vez que contribui para o melhor desempenho e para os atendimentos às demandas constantes e crescentes da sociedade moderna. O inventário Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®) apresenta-se como ferramenta com potencial para a identificação de indivíduos inovadores em organizações. Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar os tipos psicológicos de profissionais com potencial para inovação que trabalham na área da saúde e o posicionamento dos mesmos dentro de suas redes sociais organizacionais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário estruturado aplicado a 37 profissionais em uma unidade de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro, e transferidos para dois softwares - Ucinet e MBTI versão Inspiira 1. Os resultados revelaram que alguns dos indivíduos identificados como centrais para o processo de inovação, apresentaram a dimensão Intuição (N), que é apontada pela literatura como indicadora de indivíduos que têm uma maior propensão a gerar ideias inovadoras. O inventário MBTI e sua verificação por meio da análise de redes sociais (ARS) mostraram-se promissores para identificação de indivíduos inovadores e para proporcionar o seu melhor aproveitamento dentro das organizações.(AU)

The innovation is a relevant aspect for organizations insofar as it contributes to better performance and to satisfy the constant and growing demands of modern society. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®) test is a tool which has potential for identifying innovative individuals within organizations. This study aims to identify psychological types of professionals which have potential for innovation, working in health care and their status on organizational social networks. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire applied to 37 professionals in a healthcare center in the city of Rio de Janeiro and then transferred to two softwares - Ucinet and MBTI version 1.0 - Inspiira.The results showed that individuals identified as central to the innovation process presented the Intuition dimension (N), pointed by literature on this subject as an indicator of individuals who have a higher propensity to generate innovative ideas. The MBTI inventory and its verification through social network analysis (SNA) showed opportune to identify innovative individuals and to provide their best use within organizations.

La innovación se presenta como un aspecto pertinente para las organizaciones ya que esta contribuye al mejor desempeño y atención a las demandas constantes y crecientes de la sociedad moderna. El inventario Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®) ha sido identificado como una herramienta para el reconocimiento de individuos innovadores en organizaciones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar a los tipos psicológicos de los profesionales de salud con potencial innovador y el posicionamiento de los mismos en sus redes sociales. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de un cuestionario estructurado y aplicado a 37 profesionales en un centro de salud de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Fueran después insertados en dos softwares - Ucinet y MBTI versión Inspiira 1. Los resultados mostraron que algunos de los individuos identificados como elementos centrales en el proceso de innovación tenían la dimensión de la Intuición (N) señalada como un indicador de personas que tienen una mayor propensión a generar ideas innovadoras. El inventario MBTI y su verificación a través del análisis de redes sociales (ARS) se demostraron prometedores para identificación de personas innovadoras y el mejor empleo de sus capacidades en las organizaciones.

Influencing factors for measles vaccine immunization among health care workers in Hangzhou / 预防医学

Objective To determine factors influencing the immunization of measles vaccine(MV) among health care workers in Hangzhou, and to provide recommendations to promote their MV immunization. Methods In 2016, we used typical sampling method to select 2 general hospitals of 3 different levels, 1 infectious diseases hospital and 1 children's hospital, and interviewed health care workers in high and low measles risk departments to investigate their MV immunization by using a structured questionnaire. Factors influencing their immunization were analyzed by logistic regression model. Results A total of 141 of 349 health care workers investigated had MV immunization history, and the MV immunization coverage rate was 40.40%.The logistic regression analysis showed that working in low measles risk department(OR=1.91, 95%CI: 1.20-3.04) was risk factors for MV immunization, and having confidence with the effectiveness of MV(OR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.21-0.78) . Knowing the "measles vaccination suggestion" (OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.28-0.91) and the hospital had organized measles vaccination for health care workers in recent years(OR=0.35, 95%CI: 0.22-0.57) were protective factors for MV immunization. Conclusions Health care workers in Hangzhou had low MV coverage but high willingness. We should enhance education activity of MV immunization and organize measles vaccination for health care worker at regular intervals by hospitals to increase the MV coverage.

Concealed investigation on status and countermeasures of hand hygiene of health care workers in a tertiary comprehensive teaching hospital / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the status of hand hygiene(HH)of health care workers(HCWs)in a tertiary hospital in Zhuhai.Methods HH compliance of doctors,nurses,and cleaners randomly selected from 15 clinical de-partments in the whole hospital was observed through concealed observation by medical interns in October-Novem-ber 2016.Results HH compliance rate and correct rate of clinical departments in the whole hospital were 33.44%(1 131/3 382)and 59.86%(677/1 131)respectively,there was a significant difference in the compliance rate of HH among different types of HCWs (χ2 ＝12.610,P＝0.002),HH compliance rate from high to low was nurses (35.85%),cleaners (32.28%),and doctors (29.50%).Of five HH moments,HCWs’HH compliance rate after patient’s body fluid exposure was the highest (69.74%),while after touching patient surroundings was the worst (25.03%).HH compliance rates of HCWs with different occupations at different HH moments were all significant-ly different (all P＜0.05),HH compliance rates of doctors before aseptic procedure and after patient’s body fluid exposure were higher than nurses(71.25% vs 32.44%;82.86% vs 69.78%,respectively),HH compliance rate of nurses was highest after touching a patient(40.06%).Conclusion HH status in this hospital is not optimistic,HH compliance rate and correct rate are low,HH compliance rates of HCWs with different occupations and at different HH moments are both different,which need to be improved.

Characteristics as well as prevention and control costs of occupational ex-posure to blood-borne pathogens / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study the characteristics of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the cost of prevention and control,and provide evidence for policy making in medical institutions.Methods A prospective study was conducted to collect the data and follow-up data about occupational exposure of health care workers(HC-Ws)from the occupational exposure reporting system of a hospital between June 1,2016 and May 30,2017.Results There were 95 cases of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens.Occupational exposure occurred mainly in June,July,and November,peak time for occurrence was 12∶00 at noon.The main occupations of HCWs who sustained occupational exposure were nurses (41.05%),doctors (28.42%),and practice nurses (15.79%).The main departments of occupational exposure were central operating room (21.05%), emergency department (1 1.58%),and interventional radiology department (6.32%).The total cost of prevention and control for 95 times of occupational exposures were 33 235.20 Yuan,with an average of 349.84 Yuan per case.The average cost per case after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)exposure was the highest (2 787.50 Yuan);and cost of syphilis exposure was the lowest (58.88 Yuan).Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the training and education of high-risk time,high-risk population,and high-risk departments of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens,pre-vention of occupational exposure with high cost of prevention and control such as HIV should be especially paid attention.

Effect of performance appraisal through third party survey on improving the compliance of hand hygiene among health care workers / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the actual implementation of hand hygiene(HH)of health care workers(HCWs), and provide evidence for improving HH management.Methods HH performance appraisal began to implement in a hospital in 2016, at the same time, third party(healthcare-associated infection management professionals in other hospitals)was invited to carry out 4 times of anonymous survey on HH among HCWs in the hospital, change in HH compliance rate among HCWs was compared.Results HH compliance of HCWs surveyed by the third party was 60.68％, HH rates in the first half and second half year were 52.72％and 68.62％respectively, difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).Compliance rate of HH in key departments(intensive care unit and neonatal department, 87.44％)was higher than surgical departments(64.71％)and internal medicine departments(53.74％), difference was statistically significant(both P＜0.05).HH compliance rates of HCWs before and after contact with patients and after contact with the surrounding environment of patients were all low(53.59％, 58.07％, 43.97％, respectively).Conclusion HH surveyed by the third party can effectively reduce the Hawthorne effect during the observation process.HH performance appraisal can significantly improve the compliance of HH among HCWs.

Needle-stick injuries among health care workers and protective strategies in a hospital / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate the condition and causes of needle-stick injuries among health care workers(HCWs), and explore effective strategies for preventing needle-stick injuries.Methods Needle-stick injuries recorded by healthcare-associated infection management department in a hospital between January 2013 and December 2015 were surveyed retrospectively.Results 164 HCWs suffered needle-stick injuries, including 71 (43.29%) doctors, 81 (49.39%) nurses, and 12 (7.32%) other HCWs.The number of injuries in 2013, 2014, and 2015 were 47(28.66%), 54(32.93%),and 63(38.41%)respectively.152(92.68%), 9(5.49%),and 3(1.83%)injuries were caused by contaminated medical instruments, uncertain-contaminated medical instruments, and non-contaminated medical instruments.Among 164 cases of needle-stick injuries, 67(40.85%) occurred in operating rooms, 141 (85.98%) were finger injuries;the main causes of needle stick injuries were carelessness, busy work and nonstandard manipulation(n=115, 70.12%), most doctors suffered needle stick injuries due to the lack of experience (52.11%), most nurses suffered needle stick injuries due to carelessness, busy work and nonstandard manipulation(93.83%).Conclusion Needle stick injuries among HCWs increased year by year, strategies should be implemented to reduce the occurrence of needle injuries, including strengthening occupational protection consciousness among HCWs, strengthening construction of healthcare-associated infection management system, and improving medical environment.

Literature review of global economic burden of diseases due to needlestick inj uries among health care workers / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the global economic burden of diseases due to needle stick injuries(NSIs), obtain relevant evidence,and prompt the relevant departments to pay attention to the precaution of NSIs.Methods Literatures about NSIs published from 1990 to May 2016 were searched from PubMed,ScienceDirect,EBSCO-host,Cochrane,CNKI,and Wanfang database.According to world bank inflation rate and currency rate in 2015, cost of needle stick injury in each study was adjusted to US dollars in December 2015,merge comparison analysis was performed.Results A total of 7 literatures were included,3 American studies and 4 studies from Sweden,Ko-rea,Belgium,and Taiwan Region of China respectively.Studies in mainland China only focused on the incidence of NSIs,studies about cost were not found.Two studies did not identify studied population,the remaining 5 studies were about all staff in the medical institutions.Cost analysis method:Of 7 literatures,3 were first-hand data analy-sis,4 were derived from the model.Scope of cost research:4 studies estimated the direct cost,2 calculated direct and indirect cost respectively,only 1 study estimated the summation of direct and indirect cost.The total cost per inj ury (direct cost + indirect cost)was $747-$2173,direct and indirect cost were $167-$617 and $322-$455 respectively.Conclusion Global economic burden of NSIs is heavy and still undervalued;NSIs occur frequently in China,but attention is inadequate,research on economic burden is lacking,relevant departments should pay atten-tion to the prevention and follow-up treatment process of NSIs.

Current situation of full-time healthcare-associated infection management staff in Xianyang City of Shaanxi Province / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand current situation of full-time healthcare-associated infection(HAI)manage-ment staff in hospitals in Xianyang,explore the causes of instability of HAI management team.Methods Stratified random sampling method was adopted,hospitals were divided into secondary and tertiary levels,then numbered ac-cording to different levels,surveyed hospitals were selected randomly,general condition,professionals,and causes of instability of 52 selected full-time HAI management staff members in 29 secondary and above hospitals in Xian-yang were surveyed.Results Full-time HAI management staff were mainly women,accounting for 89.13%;54.35% of staff were aged 30-50 years;47.83% had bachelor degree and above;41.30% had intermediate profes-sional titles;65.22% were nurses;91.30% engaged in HAI management for <9 years;HAI management staff were statistically different in age and education level(both P<0.05).63.04% of full-time HAI management staff engaged in nursing before engaging in HAI management work;63.04% engaged in HAI management work accord-ing to administrative arrangement,the top three causes for instability of HAI management team were heavy work-load(91.30%),lacking enough attention of leaders(78.26%),and low pay(63.04%).Conclusion Structure of HAI management full-time staff in hospitals in Xianyang is irrational,the main causes for unstable management team is heavy workload,insufficient attention paid by leaders,and low pay.

Current status and strategies of occupational exposure among health care workers / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the current situation and characteristics of occupational exposure(OE)among health care workers(HCWs),and provide basis for making preventive measures.Methods Self-designed question-naire about OE was adopted,OE among all HCWs in a hospital in January-December 2015 were surveyed and statis-tically analyzed.Results A total of 1888 HCWs were surveyed,there were 304 cases of OE,the mean OE rate in the whole hospital was 16.10%;OE occurred 370 times(19.60%).Doctors,trainees,and HCWs who worked for≤1 year had relatively higher OE rates,which were 23.18%(102/440),17.88%(49/274),and 18.34%(95/518) respectively.Sharp injury is the main OE mode,accounting for 83.24%(n=308),sharp injuries mainly occurred before disposing the used devices and during the process of use,accounting for 37.99%(n=117)and 36.69%(n=113)respectively.Among 370 times of OE,315 could be traced to the sources of exposure.Among the known ex-posure sources,OE of bloodborne pathogens accounted for 24.13% (n=76).59 of 370 times of OE implemented complete local treatment and reporting procedures,reporting rate of OE was 15.95%.Conclusion Hospital should take comprehensive measures to promote occupational safety precaution,and reduce the incidence of OE.

Sharp injuries among 211 health care workers / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To analyze the occurrence of sharp injuries among health care workers(HCWs),and put forward suggestions for safety management of sharp inj uries.Methods Recorded form of sharp inj uries reported in a hospital in August 2006-July 2015 were analyzed retrospectively,relevant data were analyzed statistically.Results A total of 211 sharp injuries occurred among HCWs were reported,sharp injuries mainly occurred among nurses(n=118,55.92%)and doctors(n=83,39.34%);117(55.45%)sharp injuries occurred in HCWS whose length of service was≤5 years;the main occurrence locations of sharp injuries were surgical ward(n=67,31.75%),internal medicine ward(n=65,30.81%),and outpatient as well as emergency departments(n=33,15.64%);the main de-vices causing sharp injuries were syringe needle(n=91,43.13%),suture needle(n=34,16.11%),and scalp nee-dle/transfusion needle(n=27,12.80%);the main injury-related manipulations were all types of injection(n=40, 18.95%),intravenous transfusion (n=38,18.00%),and surgical suturing/cutting (n=36,17.06%).The main opportunities of injuries was during manipulation(treatment,examination,operation,n=109,51.66%).Among bloodborne pathogens contaminated devices,contaminated by HBV,HCV,and HIV were 95 (76.61%),25 (20.16%),and 4 cases(3.23%)respectively.There was no bloodborne pathogen infection occurred.155(73.46%) of 211 HCWs were inoculated hepatitis B vaccine.Conclusion Prevention of sharp injuries should be focused on nurses and doctors who work for≤5 years,HCWs in surgical ward,internal medicine ward,and outpatient as well as emergency departments.Prevention of sharp inj uries during manipulations such as inj ection,intravenous transfu-sion,suturing/cutting should be intensified.Related hospital departments should improve the reporting process and intensify follow-up.

Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens among health care workers / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics and risk factors of occupationai exposure to bloodborne pathogens among health care workers (HCWs),and evaluate prevention and treatment countermeasures.Methods Record Form for Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Among Health Care Workers was used for retrospective survey on the occurrence of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens in a hospital between January 1,2013 and December 31,2015.Results A total of 246 cases of blood/body fluid occupational exposure occurred.The main occupational exposure population were nurses (n =95,38.62％);occupational exposure mainly occurred in wards(n =148,60.16％);the main mode of occupational exposure was sharp injury(n =219,89.02 ％);the main opportunity of occupational exposure of HCWs was surgical accident(n =69,28.05 ％);the main exposure source was hepatitis B virus(n =123,50.00 ％);none of HCWs developed infection after local treatment and prophylactic medication.Conclusion Medical institutions should strengthen the training for HCWs about occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens,enhance protection awareness,standardize operation procedures,and improve working environment,so as to minimize the occurrence of occupational exposure.